<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?><?xml-stylesheet href="http://www.blogger.com/styles/atom.css" type="text/css"?><feed xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom' xmlns:openSearch='http://a9.com/-/spec/opensearchrss/1.0/' xmlns:georss='http://www.georss.org/georss' xmlns:thr='http://purl.org/syndication/thread/1.0'><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-29231016</id><updated>2010-04-24T15:24:32.455-04:00</updated><title type='text'>The Automata / Automaton Blog</title><subtitle type='html'>The Blog for Makers and Collectors of Mechanical Automata and Mechanical Toys</subtitle><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/29231016/posts/default'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://www.dugnorth.com/blog/index.aspx'/><link rel='hub' href='http://pubsubhubbub.appspot.com/'/><link rel='next' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/29231016/posts/default?start-index=26&amp;max-results=25'/><link rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#feed' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.dugnorth.com/blog/atom.xml'/><author><name>Dug North</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/03342612963981710373</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email></author><generator version='7.00' uri='http://www.blogger.com'>Blogger</generator><openSearch:totalResults>1197</openSearch:totalResults><openSearch:startIndex>1</openSearch:startIndex><openSearch:itemsPerPage>25</openSearch:itemsPerPage><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-29231016.post-2973464747843180863</id><published>2010-04-24T15:24:00.001-04:00</published><updated>2010-04-24T15:24:32.470-04:00</updated><title type='text'>This blog has moved</title><content type='html'>&lt;br /&gt;       This blog is now located at http://blog.dugnorth.com/.&lt;br /&gt;       You will be automatically redirected in 30 seconds, or you may click &lt;a href='http://blog.dugnorth.com/'&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;       For feed subscribers, please update your feed subscriptions to&lt;br /&gt;       http://blog.dugnorth.com/feeds/posts/default.&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;div class='adsense' style='padding:3px'&gt;
&lt;script type="text/javascript"&gt;&lt;!--
google_ad_client="ca-pub-2203373582446975";
google_ad_width=468;
google_ad_height=60;
google_ad_format="468x60_as";
google_ad_type="text";
google_color_border="C0C0C0";
google_color_bg="000000";
google_color_link="CC9C00";
google_color_url="CC9C00";
google_color_text="C0C0C0";
//--&gt;&lt;/script&gt;
&lt;script type="text/javascript" src="http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js"&gt;
&lt;/script&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/29231016-2973464747843180863?l=www.dugnorth.com%2Fblog%2Findex.aspx' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/29231016/2973464747843180863/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.dugnorth.com/blog/2010/04/this-blog-has-moved.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/29231016/posts/default/2973464747843180863'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/29231016/posts/default/2973464747843180863'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://www.dugnorth.com/blog/2010/04/this-blog-has-moved.html' title='This blog has moved'/><author><name>Dug North</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/03342612963981710373</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:extendedProperty xmlns:gd='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005' name='OpenSocialUserId' value='04030359245854896700'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-29231016.post-1836726689794870671</id><published>2010-04-24T12:52:00.003-04:00</published><updated>2010-04-24T13:00:06.381-04:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='tin'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='mechancial toys'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='motorized'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='vintage'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='human'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='animals'/><title type='text'>El Toro -  motorized bullfighter and bull tin toy</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align:center"&gt;&lt;img src="http://www.dugnorth.com/blog/uploaded_images/elToro-tin-toy.jpg" border="0" alt="El Toro - motorized bullfighter tin toy automaton" title="El Toro - motorized bullfighter tin toy automaton" /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;Here's an unusual -- and perhaps a somewhat grim -- vintage tin toy depicting a matador and bull. I'm not entirely sure in what ways the figures move, but it seems like it has some interesting possibilities.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight:bold;"&gt;From the eBay item description:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;This El Toro snorting bull and matador is in totally unused condition and has its original box. No paint damage at all on this and no corrosion within the battery compartment. This toy was working perfectly when I put it in store with rest of the collection some 25-30 years ago. I put a battery in it but it’s not responding. I guess this is an easy fix but I don’t want to force anything. The box is a little stained – please see pictures – and the base has some damage but, apart from a little creasing, the lid is fine with great graphics. Assembled, the toy is around 6 inches high.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Here's the eBay listing with additional photographs of the &lt;a target="_self" href="http://rover.ebay.com/rover/1/711-53200-19255-0/1?icep_ff3=2&amp;pub=5574653798&amp;toolid=10001&amp;campid=5335884368&amp;customid=&amp;icep_item=50435021923&amp;ipn=psmain&amp;icep_vectorid=229466&amp;kwid=902099&amp;mtid=824&amp;kw=lg"&gt;El Toro -  motorized bullfighter tin toy automaton&lt;/a&gt;&lt;img style="text-decoration:none;border:0;padding:0;margin:0;" src="http://rover.ebay.com/roverimp/1/711-53200-19255-0/1?ff3=2&amp;pub=5574653798&amp;toolid=10001&amp;campid=5335884368&amp;customid=&amp;item=50435021923&amp;mpt=[CACHEBUSTER]"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;hr /&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;div class='adsense' style='padding:3px'&gt;
&lt;script type="text/javascript"&gt;&lt;!--
google_ad_client="ca-pub-2203373582446975";
google_ad_width=468;
google_ad_height=60;
google_ad_format="468x60_as";
google_ad_type="text";
google_color_border="C0C0C0";
google_color_bg="000000";
google_color_link="CC9C00";
google_color_url="CC9C00";
google_color_text="C0C0C0";
//--&gt;&lt;/script&gt;
&lt;script type="text/javascript" src="http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js"&gt;
&lt;/script&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/29231016-1836726689794870671?l=www.dugnorth.com%2Fblog%2Findex.aspx' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/29231016/1836726689794870671/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.dugnorth.com/blog/2010/04/el-toro-motorized-bullfighter-and-bull.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/29231016/posts/default/1836726689794870671'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/29231016/posts/default/1836726689794870671'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://www.dugnorth.com/blog/2010/04/el-toro-motorized-bullfighter-and-bull.html' title='El Toro -  motorized bullfighter and bull tin toy'/><author><name>Dug North</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/03342612963981710373</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:extendedProperty xmlns:gd='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005' name='OpenSocialUserId' value='04030359245854896700'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-29231016.post-6208556001752142374</id><published>2010-04-23T10:17:00.004-04:00</published><updated>2010-04-24T01:10:24.122-04:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='miniatures'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='models'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='miniature'/><title type='text'>Site featuring top 10 unbelievable miniatures</title><content type='html'>&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://www.dugnorth.com/blog/uploaded_images/miniatures-793968.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 400px; height: 280px;" src="http://www.dugnorth.com/blog/uploaded_images/miniatures-793965.jpg" border="0" alt="10 unbelievable miniatures" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;Check out this &lt;a href="http://listverse.com/2010/02/06/top-10-unbelievable-miniatures/"&gt;site with a bunch of cool miniatures&lt;/a&gt;!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[ &lt;span style="font-style:italic;"&gt;Thanks Julia&lt;/span&gt;! ]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;hr /&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;div class='adsense' style='padding:3px'&gt;
&lt;script type="text/javascript"&gt;&lt;!--
google_ad_client="ca-pub-2203373582446975";
google_ad_width=468;
google_ad_height=60;
google_ad_format="468x60_as";
google_ad_type="text";
google_color_border="C0C0C0";
google_color_bg="000000";
google_color_link="CC9C00";
google_color_url="CC9C00";
google_color_text="C0C0C0";
//--&gt;&lt;/script&gt;
&lt;script type="text/javascript" src="http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js"&gt;
&lt;/script&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/29231016-6208556001752142374?l=www.dugnorth.com%2Fblog%2Findex.aspx' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/29231016/6208556001752142374/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.dugnorth.com/blog/2010/04/site-featuring-top-10-unbelievable.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/29231016/posts/default/6208556001752142374'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/29231016/posts/default/6208556001752142374'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://www.dugnorth.com/blog/2010/04/site-featuring-top-10-unbelievable.html' title='Site featuring top 10 unbelievable miniatures'/><author><name>Dug North</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/03342612963981710373</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:extendedProperty xmlns:gd='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005' name='OpenSocialUserId' value='04030359245854896700'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-29231016.post-5531768151867243410</id><published>2010-04-22T07:17:00.000-04:00</published><updated>2010-04-22T10:26:15.117-04:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='video'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='performance'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Puppets'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='animatronic'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='remote control'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='animals'/><title type='text'>Hands-free bird puppets by Axtell Expressions</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="background-color: #fff;text-align:center;padding-top:5px;"&gt;&lt;object width="425" height="344"&gt;&lt;param name="movie" value="http://www.youtube.com/v/6xuSUg9Jmic&amp;hl=en_US&amp;fs=1&amp;"&gt;&lt;/param&gt;&lt;param name="allowFullScreen" value="true"&gt;&lt;/param&gt;&lt;param name="allowscriptaccess" value="always"&gt;&lt;/param&gt;&lt;embed src="http://www.youtube.com/v/6xuSUg9Jmic&amp;hl=en_US&amp;fs=1&amp;" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" allowscriptaccess="always" allowfullscreen="true" width="425" height="344"&gt;&lt;/embed&gt;&lt;/object&gt;&lt;/div&gt;Check out this amazing "hands-free" remote-controlled puppet. A very small remote control is used to open and close the bird's mouth. Another button turns the puppet's head to face the audience or the ventriloquist. It even has a sort of "cruise control" mode in which the bird moves about in a subtle but lifelike manner, allowing the puppeteer to focus on other things or to work with multiple puppets at the same time.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Here is a link where you can learn more and see a full show featuring the &lt;a href="http://www.axtell.com/remote.html"&gt;Axtell Expressions hands-free bird puppet&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;hr /&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;div class='adsense' style='padding:3px'&gt;
&lt;script type="text/javascript"&gt;&lt;!--
google_ad_client="ca-pub-2203373582446975";
google_ad_width=468;
google_ad_height=60;
google_ad_format="468x60_as";
google_ad_type="text";
google_color_border="C0C0C0";
google_color_bg="000000";
google_color_link="CC9C00";
google_color_url="CC9C00";
google_color_text="C0C0C0";
//--&gt;&lt;/script&gt;
&lt;script type="text/javascript" src="http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js"&gt;
&lt;/script&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/29231016-5531768151867243410?l=www.dugnorth.com%2Fblog%2Findex.aspx' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/29231016/5531768151867243410/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.dugnorth.com/blog/2010/04/hands-free-bird-puppets-by-axtell.html#comment-form' title='1 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/29231016/posts/default/5531768151867243410'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/29231016/posts/default/5531768151867243410'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://www.dugnorth.com/blog/2010/04/hands-free-bird-puppets-by-axtell.html' title='Hands-free bird puppets by Axtell Expressions'/><author><name>Dug North</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/03342612963981710373</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:extendedProperty xmlns:gd='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005' name='OpenSocialUserId' value='04030359245854896700'/></author><thr:total>1</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-29231016.post-627849904252985029</id><published>2010-04-21T11:04:00.004-04:00</published><updated>2010-04-21T11:10:19.855-04:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='robot'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='motorized'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='insects'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='DIY'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='online resources'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='automomous'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='plans'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='robots'/><title type='text'>Build your own obstacle-avoiding beetle robot</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="background-color: #fff;text-align:center;padding-top:5px;"&gt;&lt;object width="425" height="425" align="middle"&gt;&lt;param name="movie" value="http://www.instructables.com/static/flash/viewer.swf"&gt;&lt;/param&gt;&lt;param name="quality" value="high"&gt;&lt;/param&gt;&lt;param name="wmode" value="transparent"&gt;&lt;/param&gt;&lt;param name="FlashVars" value="title=How-to-Build-a-Robot---The-BeetleBot"&gt;&lt;/param&gt;&lt;embed src="http://www.instructables.com/static/flash/viewer.swf" quality="high" bgcolor="#ffffff" width="425" height="425" align="middle" allowScriptAccess="always" wmode="transparent" FlashVars="title=How-to-Build-a-Robot---The-BeetleBot" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" pluginspage="http://www.macromedia.com/go/getflashplayer"&gt;&lt;/embed&gt;&lt;/object&gt;&lt;/div&gt;Why not build a capable little beetle robot that can scurry about and avoid obstacles? The really cool thing about it is that the behavior is all hard-wired and/or mechanical -- no computer or programming required. The parts are easy to find too!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Here's a link to the &lt;a href="http://www.instructables.com/id/How-to-Build-a-Robot---The-BeetleBot/"&gt;Instructable on How to Build The BeetleBot&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;hr /&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;div class='adsense' style='padding:3px'&gt;
&lt;script type="text/javascript"&gt;&lt;!--
google_ad_client="ca-pub-2203373582446975";
google_ad_width=468;
google_ad_height=60;
google_ad_format="468x60_as";
google_ad_type="text";
google_color_border="C0C0C0";
google_color_bg="000000";
google_color_link="CC9C00";
google_color_url="CC9C00";
google_color_text="C0C0C0";
//--&gt;&lt;/script&gt;
&lt;script type="text/javascript" src="http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js"&gt;
&lt;/script&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/29231016-627849904252985029?l=www.dugnorth.com%2Fblog%2Findex.aspx' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/29231016/627849904252985029/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.dugnorth.com/blog/2010/04/build-your-own-obstacle-avoiding-beetle.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/29231016/posts/default/627849904252985029'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/29231016/posts/default/627849904252985029'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://www.dugnorth.com/blog/2010/04/build-your-own-obstacle-avoiding-beetle.html' title='Build your own obstacle-avoiding beetle robot'/><author><name>Dug North</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/03342612963981710373</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:extendedProperty xmlns:gd='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005' name='OpenSocialUserId' value='04030359245854896700'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-29231016.post-1411740979009696808</id><published>2010-04-20T09:08:00.003-04:00</published><updated>2010-04-20T09:20:17.043-04:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='recycled'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='found objects'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='USA'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='kinetic sculpture'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='makers'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Nemo Gould'/><title type='text'>Article on Bay Area kinetic sculptor Nemo Gould</title><content type='html'>&lt;img style="float:left; margin:0 10px 0px 0;width: 224px; height: 320px;" src="http://www.dugnorth.com/blog/uploaded_images/nemo-gould-article-756120.jpg" border="0" alt="" /&gt;&lt;span style="font-style:italic;"&gt;The Daily Californian&lt;/span&gt; recently ran a nice article on kinetic sculptor Nemo Gould.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight:bold;"&gt;From the article:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Gould's sculptures utilize nearly all "found" articles, synthesizing discarded objects and forgotten antiques with mechanical movement. Bringing art and technology together in whimsical sculptures, Gould pulls from science fiction and comic book mythology from when he was a little boy. For all his professional, eloquent articulation of what his work represents, Nemo Gould is at play in his studio-infusing his anthropomorphic figures with child-like imagination. With sincerity and a smirk, Gould declares, "I take silly very seriously."&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Here is a link the &lt;a href="http://www.dailycal.org/article/108678/finding_nemo"&gt;full article on Nemo Gould&lt;/a&gt; at The Daily Californian.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;hr /&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;div class='adsense' style='padding:3px'&gt;
&lt;script type="text/javascript"&gt;&lt;!--
google_ad_client="ca-pub-2203373582446975";
google_ad_width=468;
google_ad_height=60;
google_ad_format="468x60_as";
google_ad_type="text";
google_color_border="C0C0C0";
google_color_bg="000000";
google_color_link="CC9C00";
google_color_url="CC9C00";
google_color_text="C0C0C0";
//--&gt;&lt;/script&gt;
&lt;script type="text/javascript" src="http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js"&gt;
&lt;/script&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/29231016-1411740979009696808?l=www.dugnorth.com%2Fblog%2Findex.aspx' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/29231016/1411740979009696808/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.dugnorth.com/blog/2010/04/artical-on-kinetic-sculptor-nemo-gould.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/29231016/posts/default/1411740979009696808'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/29231016/posts/default/1411740979009696808'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://www.dugnorth.com/blog/2010/04/artical-on-kinetic-sculptor-nemo-gould.html' title='Article on Bay Area kinetic sculptor Nemo Gould'/><author><name>Dug North</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/03342612963981710373</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:extendedProperty xmlns:gd='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005' name='OpenSocialUserId' value='04030359245854896700'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-29231016.post-2504667133525558137</id><published>2010-04-19T09:15:00.002-04:00</published><updated>2010-04-19T09:18:11.590-04:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Nik Ramage'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='UK'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='motorized'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Martin Smith'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Laikingland'/><title type='text'>Fingers - motorized mechanical sculpture</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="background-color: #fff;text-align:center;padding-top:5px;"&gt;&lt;object width="425" height="344"&gt;&lt;param name="movie" value="http://www.youtube.com/v/Syp3CW9sFbk&amp;hl=en_US&amp;fs=1&amp;"&gt;&lt;/param&gt;&lt;param name="allowFullScreen" value="true"&gt;&lt;/param&gt;&lt;param name="allowscriptaccess" value="always"&gt;&lt;/param&gt;&lt;embed src="http://www.youtube.com/v/Syp3CW9sFbk&amp;hl=en_US&amp;fs=1&amp;" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" allowscriptaccess="always" allowfullscreen="true" width="425" height="344"&gt;&lt;/embed&gt;&lt;/object&gt;&lt;/div&gt;A great little video of the mechanical fingers designed by mechanical sculptor Nik Ramage and manufactured by Laikingland. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Here is where you can learn more about &lt;a href="http://www.laikingland.co.uk/fingers-by-nik-ramage-37-p.asp"&gt;Fingers by Nik Ramage&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;hr /&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;div class='adsense' style='padding:3px'&gt;
&lt;script type="text/javascript"&gt;&lt;!--
google_ad_client="ca-pub-2203373582446975";
google_ad_width=468;
google_ad_height=60;
google_ad_format="468x60_as";
google_ad_type="text";
google_color_border="C0C0C0";
google_color_bg="000000";
google_color_link="CC9C00";
google_color_url="CC9C00";
google_color_text="C0C0C0";
//--&gt;&lt;/script&gt;
&lt;script type="text/javascript" src="http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js"&gt;
&lt;/script&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/29231016-2504667133525558137?l=www.dugnorth.com%2Fblog%2Findex.aspx' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/29231016/2504667133525558137/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.dugnorth.com/blog/2010/04/fingers-motorized-mechanical-sculpture.html#comment-form' title='1 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/29231016/posts/default/2504667133525558137'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/29231016/posts/default/2504667133525558137'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://www.dugnorth.com/blog/2010/04/fingers-motorized-mechanical-sculpture.html' title='Fingers - motorized mechanical sculpture'/><author><name>Dug North</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/03342612963981710373</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:extendedProperty xmlns:gd='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005' name='OpenSocialUserId' value='04030359245854896700'/></author><thr:total>1</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-29231016.post-8851926138603720610</id><published>2010-04-18T08:31:00.001-04:00</published><updated>2010-04-19T09:29:48.093-04:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='mechanical toys'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='DIY'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='automata'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='wood'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='engineering'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='kits'/><title type='text'>Designing Automata Kit available from Amazon</title><content type='html'>&lt;img style="float:left; margin:0 10px 0px 0;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 204px; height: 320px;" src="http://www.dugnorth.com/blog/uploaded_images/designing-automata-kit-701834.jpg" border="0" alt="" /&gt;OK...it may be a round-about route, but  it is good news in the end: the Designing Automata Kit is now available via Amazon!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight:bold;"&gt;From the product description:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;"The New Designing Automata Kit is great value and fantastic quality. No glue or tools are required, and you will learn about simple mechanics using cams and a crank slider mechanism. Many different designs can be made, and the kit used over and over again. Produced in Thailand using chemical-free rubber wood, from sustainable sources."&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Here's the link to the &lt;a href="http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B002YR5GT2?ie=UTF8&amp;tag=dugnorth-20&amp;linkCode=as2&amp;camp=1789&amp;creative=390957&amp;creativeASIN=B002YR5GT2"&gt;Designing Automata Kit&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;img src="http://www.assoc-amazon.com/e/ir?t=dugnorth-20&amp;l=as2&amp;o=1&amp;a=B002YR5GT2" width="1" height="1" border="0" alt="" style="border:none !important; margin:0px !important;" /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;hr /&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;div class='adsense' style='padding:3px'&gt;
&lt;script type="text/javascript"&gt;&lt;!--
google_ad_client="ca-pub-2203373582446975";
google_ad_width=468;
google_ad_height=60;
google_ad_format="468x60_as";
google_ad_type="text";
google_color_border="C0C0C0";
google_color_bg="000000";
google_color_link="CC9C00";
google_color_url="CC9C00";
google_color_text="C0C0C0";
//--&gt;&lt;/script&gt;
&lt;script type="text/javascript" src="http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js"&gt;
&lt;/script&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/29231016-8851926138603720610?l=www.dugnorth.com%2Fblog%2Findex.aspx' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/29231016/8851926138603720610/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.dugnorth.com/blog/2010/04/designing-automata-kit-available-from.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/29231016/posts/default/8851926138603720610'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/29231016/posts/default/8851926138603720610'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://www.dugnorth.com/blog/2010/04/designing-automata-kit-available-from.html' title='Designing Automata Kit available from Amazon'/><author><name>Dug North</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/03342612963981710373</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:extendedProperty xmlns:gd='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005' name='OpenSocialUserId' value='04030359245854896700'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-29231016.post-4057466631211731827</id><published>2010-04-17T08:16:00.000-04:00</published><updated>2010-04-17T08:16:00.586-04:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='helicopter'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='motorized'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='mechanical toys'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='flying toys'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='remote control'/><title type='text'>Micro Mosquito 3.0 Channel R/C Helicopter</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align:center"&gt;&lt;img src="http://www.dugnorth.com/blog/uploaded_images/Micro-Mosquito.jpg" border="0" alt="Micro Mosquito 3.0 Channel R/C Helicopter" title="Micro Mosquito 3.0 Channel R/C Helicopter" /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;Yet another tiny indoor helicopter. Each generation claims to be more stable and easier to fly. Mine you, I can't verify this personally. (Dear Toy Companies: Send me one of everything cool and mechanical. Thank you.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight:bold;"&gt;From the product description:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;The Micro Mosquito 3.0 Channel R/C Helicopter is the world's smallest, most stable, lightest indoor helicopter. Flies forward with full control as well as up, down, left and right and has a long 7-minute in-flight time on only a 35-minute charge. Two frequencies available. Comes with everything you need to be flying within minutes including a radio control transmitter, flight battery and manual. Requires 6 "C" batteries and one 9V battery, not included. Measures approximately 5".&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Here Amazon's page for the &lt;a href="http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B001B4Z1ZS?ie=UTF8&amp;tag=dugnorth-20&amp;linkCode=as2&amp;camp=1789&amp;creative=390957&amp;creativeASIN=B001B4Z1ZS"&gt;Micro Mosquito 3.0 Channel R/C Helicopter&lt;/a&gt;&lt;img src="http://www.assoc-amazon.com/e/ir?t=dugnorth-20&amp;l=as2&amp;o=1&amp;a=B001B4Z1ZS" width="1" height="1" border="0" alt="" style="border:none !important; margin:0px !important;" /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;hr /&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;div class='adsense' style='padding:3px'&gt;
&lt;script type="text/javascript"&gt;&lt;!--
google_ad_client="ca-pub-2203373582446975";
google_ad_width=468;
google_ad_height=60;
google_ad_format="468x60_as";
google_ad_type="text";
google_color_border="C0C0C0";
google_color_bg="000000";
google_color_link="CC9C00";
google_color_url="CC9C00";
google_color_text="C0C0C0";
//--&gt;&lt;/script&gt;
&lt;script type="text/javascript" src="http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js"&gt;
&lt;/script&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/29231016-4057466631211731827?l=www.dugnorth.com%2Fblog%2Findex.aspx' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/29231016/4057466631211731827/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.dugnorth.com/blog/2010/04/micro-mosquito-30-channel-rc-helicopter.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/29231016/posts/default/4057466631211731827'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/29231016/posts/default/4057466631211731827'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://www.dugnorth.com/blog/2010/04/micro-mosquito-30-channel-rc-helicopter.html' title='Micro Mosquito 3.0 Channel R/C Helicopter'/><author><name>Dug North</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/03342612963981710373</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:extendedProperty xmlns:gd='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005' name='OpenSocialUserId' value='04030359245854896700'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-29231016.post-3521277143944963754</id><published>2010-04-16T16:41:00.002-04:00</published><updated>2010-04-16T16:50:28.107-04:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='singing bird'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='music box'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Griesbaum'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='antique'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Germany'/><title type='text'>Antique musical singing bird music box automaton</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align:center"&gt;&lt;img src="http://www.dugnorth.com/blog/uploaded_images/Griesbaum-bird-box.jpg" border="0" alt="Antique musical singing bird music box automaton" title="Antique musical singing bird music box automaton" /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;Take a look at this beautiful antique singing bird box from the 1920s made by German maker by Karl Griesbaum.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight:bold;"&gt;From the eBay description:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;The multi-colored, full-feathered bird flutters his wings, turns from side to side, opens and closes his beak, all the while singing his song in full voice. A bird-shaped brass key is included.&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Here is the full eBay listing with many more photos of this &lt;a target="_self" href="http://rover.ebay.com/rover/1/711-53200-19255-0/1?icep_ff3=2&amp;pub=5574653798&amp;toolid=10001&amp;campid=5335884368&amp;customid=&amp;icep_item=160422736097&amp;ipn=psmain&amp;icep_vectorid=229466&amp;kwid=902099&amp;mtid=824&amp;kw=lg"&gt;antique singing bird automaton&lt;/a&gt;&lt;img style="text-decoration:none;border:0;padding:0;margin:0;" src="http://rover.ebay.com/roverimp/1/711-53200-19255-0/1?ff3=2&amp;pub=5574653798&amp;toolid=10001&amp;campid=5335884368&amp;customid=&amp;item=160422736097&amp;mpt=[CACHEBUSTER]"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;hr /&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;div class='adsense' style='padding:3px'&gt;
&lt;script type="text/javascript"&gt;&lt;!--
google_ad_client="ca-pub-2203373582446975";
google_ad_width=468;
google_ad_height=60;
google_ad_format="468x60_as";
google_ad_type="text";
google_color_border="C0C0C0";
google_color_bg="000000";
google_color_link="CC9C00";
google_color_url="CC9C00";
google_color_text="C0C0C0";
//--&gt;&lt;/script&gt;
&lt;script type="text/javascript" src="http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js"&gt;
&lt;/script&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/29231016-3521277143944963754?l=www.dugnorth.com%2Fblog%2Findex.aspx' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/29231016/3521277143944963754/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.dugnorth.com/blog/2010/04/antique-musical-singing-bird-music-box.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/29231016/posts/default/3521277143944963754'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/29231016/posts/default/3521277143944963754'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://www.dugnorth.com/blog/2010/04/antique-musical-singing-bird-music-box.html' title='Antique musical singing bird music box automaton'/><author><name>Dug North</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/03342612963981710373</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:extendedProperty xmlns:gd='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005' name='OpenSocialUserId' value='04030359245854896700'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-29231016.post-6340755417745824616</id><published>2010-04-15T10:00:00.003-04:00</published><updated>2010-04-15T10:10:42.550-04:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='mechancial toys'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='motorized'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='vintage'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Puppets'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='human'/><title type='text'>A mechanically clever, but downright creepy  toy</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="background-color: #fff;text-align:center;padding-top:5px;"&gt;&lt;object width="425" height="344"&gt;&lt;param name="movie" value="http://www.youtube.com/v/FWr_KtCRy4I&amp;hl=en_US&amp;fs=1&amp;"&gt;&lt;/param&gt;&lt;param name="allowFullScreen" value="true"&gt;&lt;/param&gt;&lt;param name="allowscriptaccess" value="always"&gt;&lt;/param&gt;&lt;embed src="http://www.youtube.com/v/FWr_KtCRy4I&amp;hl=en_US&amp;fs=1&amp;" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" allowscriptaccess="always" allowfullscreen="true" width="425" height="344"&gt;&lt;/embed&gt;&lt;/object&gt;&lt;/div&gt;The folks over at &lt;a href="http://www.weirdotoys.com/"&gt;The Weirdo Toys Blog&lt;/a&gt;, discovered this unusual mechanical toy. The toy makes use of those odd rubber finger puppet faces. The interchangeable faces are mounted on motorized "fingers" located on the figure's head. The range of expression created by this arrangement is truly disturbing. Add a raised axe in one hand and the tune "When the Saints go Marching in" and you have yourself one very hard-to-explain toy.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Here's &lt;a href="http://www.weirdotoys.com/2009/10/30/magic-monster-by-heartland/"&gt;a comprehensive write-up with additional videos on the Magic Monster&lt;/a&gt; on the The Weirdo Toys Blog.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[ &lt;span style="font-style:italic;"&gt;Thanks &lt;a href="http://theartofbob.blogspot.com/"&gt;Bob&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;! ]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;hr /&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;div class='adsense' style='padding:3px'&gt;
&lt;script type="text/javascript"&gt;&lt;!--
google_ad_client="ca-pub-2203373582446975";
google_ad_width=468;
google_ad_height=60;
google_ad_format="468x60_as";
google_ad_type="text";
google_color_border="C0C0C0";
google_color_bg="000000";
google_color_link="CC9C00";
google_color_url="CC9C00";
google_color_text="C0C0C0";
//--&gt;&lt;/script&gt;
&lt;script type="text/javascript" src="http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js"&gt;
&lt;/script&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/29231016-6340755417745824616?l=www.dugnorth.com%2Fblog%2Findex.aspx' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/29231016/6340755417745824616/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.dugnorth.com/blog/2010/04/mechanically-clever-but-downright.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/29231016/posts/default/6340755417745824616'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/29231016/posts/default/6340755417745824616'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://www.dugnorth.com/blog/2010/04/mechanically-clever-but-downright.html' title='A mechanically clever, but downright creepy  toy'/><author><name>Dug North</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/03342612963981710373</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:extendedProperty xmlns:gd='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005' name='OpenSocialUserId' value='04030359245854896700'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-29231016.post-8982950383533126348</id><published>2010-04-14T12:41:00.003-04:00</published><updated>2010-04-14T12:45:48.747-04:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='video'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='karakuri'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='robots'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='antique'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='history'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Japan'/><title type='text'>Video about how modern robots relate to karakuri</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="background-color: #fff;text-align:center;padding-top:5px;"&gt;&lt;object width="425" height="344"&gt;&lt;param name="movie" value="http://www.youtube.com/v/UlOJUXeDbcE&amp;hl=en_US&amp;fs=1&amp;"&gt;&lt;/param&gt;&lt;param name="allowFullScreen" value="true"&gt;&lt;/param&gt;&lt;param name="allowscriptaccess" value="always"&gt;&lt;/param&gt;&lt;embed src="http://www.youtube.com/v/UlOJUXeDbcE&amp;hl=en_US&amp;fs=1&amp;" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" allowscriptaccess="always" allowfullscreen="true" width="425" height="344"&gt;&lt;/embed&gt;&lt;/object&gt;&lt;/div&gt;This video explores how modern Japanese robots  share a lineage with ancient mechanical dolls.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[ &lt;span style="font-style:italic;"&gt;Thanks &lt;a href="http://www.artomic.com"&gt;Thomas&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;! ]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;hr /&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;div class='adsense' style='padding:3px'&gt;
&lt;script type="text/javascript"&gt;&lt;!--
google_ad_client="ca-pub-2203373582446975";
google_ad_width=468;
google_ad_height=60;
google_ad_format="468x60_as";
google_ad_type="text";
google_color_border="C0C0C0";
google_color_bg="000000";
google_color_link="CC9C00";
google_color_url="CC9C00";
google_color_text="C0C0C0";
//--&gt;&lt;/script&gt;
&lt;script type="text/javascript" src="http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js"&gt;
&lt;/script&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/29231016-8982950383533126348?l=www.dugnorth.com%2Fblog%2Findex.aspx' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/29231016/8982950383533126348/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.dugnorth.com/blog/2010/04/video-about-how-modern-robots-relate-to.html#comment-form' title='1 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/29231016/posts/default/8982950383533126348'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/29231016/posts/default/8982950383533126348'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://www.dugnorth.com/blog/2010/04/video-about-how-modern-robots-relate-to.html' title='Video about how modern robots relate to karakuri'/><author><name>Dug North</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/03342612963981710373</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:extendedProperty xmlns:gd='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005' name='OpenSocialUserId' value='04030359245854896700'/></author><thr:total>1</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-29231016.post-416123753617849450</id><published>2010-04-13T07:11:00.000-04:00</published><updated>2010-04-13T09:20:25.348-04:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='USA'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Tom Haney'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='motorized'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='automata'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='human'/><title type='text'>New encased motorized automata by Tom Haney</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align:center"&gt;&lt;img src="http://www.dugnorth.com/blog/uploaded_images/Wanderlust.jpg" border="0" alt="Tom Haney's Wanderlust automaton" title="Tom Haney's Wanderlust automaton" /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;Here is one of two new pieces available from Tom Haney.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The one shown here, entitled "Wanderlust", depicts a figure standing next to a globe. As the globe turns the man's pointer moves across the surface in search of his next destination. The globe stops at random spots every 5 seconds and the figure's head follows the pointer up and down the globe. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;See more &lt;a href="http://www.tomhaney.com/wanderlust1.htm"&gt;pictures and video of Tom Haney's Wanderlust automaton&lt;/a&gt; on his web site.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;hr /&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;div class='adsense' style='padding:3px'&gt;
&lt;script type="text/javascript"&gt;&lt;!--
google_ad_client="ca-pub-2203373582446975";
google_ad_width=468;
google_ad_height=60;
google_ad_format="468x60_as";
google_ad_type="text";
google_color_border="C0C0C0";
google_color_bg="000000";
google_color_link="CC9C00";
google_color_url="CC9C00";
google_color_text="C0C0C0";
//--&gt;&lt;/script&gt;
&lt;script type="text/javascript" src="http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js"&gt;
&lt;/script&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/29231016-416123753617849450?l=www.dugnorth.com%2Fblog%2Findex.aspx' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/29231016/416123753617849450/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.dugnorth.com/blog/2010/04/new-encased-motorized-automata-by-tom.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/29231016/posts/default/416123753617849450'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/29231016/posts/default/416123753617849450'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://www.dugnorth.com/blog/2010/04/new-encased-motorized-automata-by-tom.html' title='New encased motorized automata by Tom Haney'/><author><name>Dug North</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/03342612963981710373</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:extendedProperty xmlns:gd='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005' name='OpenSocialUserId' value='04030359245854896700'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-29231016.post-2542976294620174130</id><published>2010-04-12T06:35:00.002-04:00</published><updated>2010-04-12T10:27:21.425-04:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='industrial design'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='mechanical toys'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='robotics'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='robots'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='animals'/><title type='text'>Robots secretly living among us as stuffed animals</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align:center"&gt;&lt;img src="http://www.dugnorth.com/blog/uploaded_images/Care-Bear-robot.jpg" border="0" alt="Robots secretly living among us as stuffed animals" title="Robots secretly living among us as stuffed animals" /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;I posted not long ago about an &lt;a href="http://www.dugnorth.com/blog/2010/03/artist-gives-toys-beautifully.html"&gt;artist who refits stuffed animals with metal exoskeletons&lt;/a&gt;. Industrial designer &lt;a href="http://www.mattkirkland.com/index.html"&gt;Matt Kirkland&lt;/a&gt; has created an excellent photo set in which he uncovers the robots hidden beneath plush toy exteriors.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight:bold;"&gt;From Matt Kirkland's site&lt;/span&gt;:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;I've always been curious about stuffed animals that sing, dance, light up, or talk back. There must be a fascinating robot underneath the fur and fluff, right? Surely the robot hiding in the bear's clothing, vestimentis ursum, is impressive. So: armed with my childish curiosity and the spurious excuse of 'product design research,' I set out to discover what, exactly, these creatures are hiding.&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Here is a link to the photo set of &lt;a href="http://www.mattkirkland.com/ursum.html"&gt;the robots beneath the fluff&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[ &lt;span style="font-style:italic;"&gt;Thanks &lt;a href="http://theartofbob.blogspot.com/"&gt;Bob&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;! ]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;hr /&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;div class='adsense' style='padding:3px'&gt;
&lt;script type="text/javascript"&gt;&lt;!--
google_ad_client="ca-pub-2203373582446975";
google_ad_width=468;
google_ad_height=60;
google_ad_format="468x60_as";
google_ad_type="text";
google_color_border="C0C0C0";
google_color_bg="000000";
google_color_link="CC9C00";
google_color_url="CC9C00";
google_color_text="C0C0C0";
//--&gt;&lt;/script&gt;
&lt;script type="text/javascript" src="http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js"&gt;
&lt;/script&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/29231016-2542976294620174130?l=www.dugnorth.com%2Fblog%2Findex.aspx' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/29231016/2542976294620174130/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.dugnorth.com/blog/2010/04/robots-secretly-living-among-us-as.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/29231016/posts/default/2542976294620174130'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/29231016/posts/default/2542976294620174130'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://www.dugnorth.com/blog/2010/04/robots-secretly-living-among-us-as.html' title='Robots secretly living among us as stuffed animals'/><author><name>Dug North</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/03342612963981710373</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:extendedProperty xmlns:gd='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005' name='OpenSocialUserId' value='04030359245854896700'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-29231016.post-1616882320533733067</id><published>2010-04-11T11:38:00.005-04:00</published><updated>2010-04-11T11:54:18.538-04:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='hand-cranked'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='contraptions'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='machines'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='bhaaluu'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='string'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='gears'/><title type='text'>DIY hand-cranked geared string winding machine</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-align: center; padding-top: 5px;"&gt;&lt;object width="320" height="266" class="BLOG_video_class" id="BLOG_video-896b5224b5a04241" classid="clsid:D27CDB6E-AE6D-11cf-96B8-444553540000" codebase="http://download.macromedia.com/pub/shockwave/cabs/flash/swflash.cab#version=6,0,40,0"&gt;&lt;param name="movie" value="http://www.blogger.com/img/videoplayer.swf?videoUrl=http%3A%2F%2Fv1.nonxt7.googlevideo.com%2Fvideoplayback%3Fid%3D896b5224b5a04241%26itag%3D5%26begin%3D0%26len%3D86400000%26app%3Dblogger%26et%3Dplay%26el%3DEMBEDDED%26ip%3D0.0.0.0%26ipbits%3D0%26expire%3D1274284565%26sparams%3Did%252Citag%252Cip%252Cipbits%252Cexpire%26signature%3D44417DFC2E9F728563D2562BAACEA230BD1856C0.4D0D8FAA6B2993167B2812260FF503BB9C6F127F%26key%3Dck1&amp;amp;thumbnailUrl=http%3A%2F%2Fvideo.google.com%2FThumbnailServer2%3Fapp%3Dblogger%26contentid%3D896b5224b5a04241%26offsetms%3D5000%26itag%3Dw320%26sigh%3DA0e1RSIG-aoYfDBwxhKYdCJW5hA&amp;amp;messagesUrl=video.google.com%2FFlashUiStrings.xlb%3Fframe%3Dflashstrings%26hl%3Den&amp;amp;nogvlm=1"&gt;&lt;param name="bgcolor" value="#FFFFFF"&gt;&lt;embed width="320" height="266" src="http://www.blogger.com/img/videoplayer.swf?videoUrl=http%3A%2F%2Fv1.nonxt7.googlevideo.com%2Fvideoplayback%3Fid%3D896b5224b5a04241%26itag%3D5%26begin%3D0%26len%3D86400000%26app%3Dblogger%26et%3Dplay%26el%3DEMBEDDED%26ip%3D0.0.0.0%26ipbits%3D0%26expire%3D1274284565%26sparams%3Did%252Citag%252Cip%252Cipbits%252Cexpire%26signature%3D44417DFC2E9F728563D2562BAACEA230BD1856C0.4D0D8FAA6B2993167B2812260FF503BB9C6F127F%26key%3Dck1&amp;amp;thumbnailUrl=http%3A%2F%2Fvideo.google.com%2FThumbnailServer2%3Fapp%3Dblogger%26contentid%3D896b5224b5a04241%26offsetms%3D5000%26itag%3Dw320%26sigh%3DA0e1RSIG-aoYfDBwxhKYdCJW5hA&amp;amp;messagesUrl=video.google.com%2FFlashUiStrings.xlb%3Fframe%3Dflashstrings%26hl%3Den&amp;amp;nogvlm=1" type="application/x-shockwave-flash"&gt;&lt;/embed&gt;&lt;/object&gt;&lt;/div&gt;One dedicated reader of &lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.automataonline.com/"&gt;The Autoamta / Automaton Blog&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt; made this cool prototype string-winder contraption. It makes a center-pull ball of string with a diamond pattern. To generate the gear profiles, he used &lt;a href="http://woodgears.ca/gear_cutting/template.html"&gt;Matthias Wandel's Gear Template Generator&lt;/a&gt;.  &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Here is a nice schematic drawing of the device followed by an explanation.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;img src="http://www.dugnorth.com/blog/uploaded_images/string-winder.jpg" alt="DIY hand-cranked string winding machine" title="DIY hand-cranked string winding machine" border="0"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;From bhaaluu's description:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;The hand-crank turns a 30-tooth peg-wheel gear which drives a 10-tooth peg wheel gear. The 10-tooth peg-wheel gear spins on a fixed vertical shaft. connected via a wooden tube to the spindle head, which rotates at a 3:1 ratio. At the top of the fixed vertical shaft is a 15-tooth spur gear. It is fixed to the vertical shaft and doesn't move. At the base of the spindle tube is a 42-tooth spur gear which rotates on it's own axis, which is tilted at an angle. As the spindle tube rotates around the vertical shaft, the 42-tooth spur gear rotates. The spindle tube, a heavy-walled cardboard tube, is connected to the 42-tooth spur gear, so every time it turns around the fixed vertical shaft, it rotates. This is what gives the diamond pattern. This string winding contraption is a prototype. &lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[ &lt;span style="font-style:italic;"&gt;Thanks bhaaluu&lt;/span&gt;! ]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;hr /&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;div class='adsense' style='padding:3px'&gt;
&lt;script type="text/javascript"&gt;&lt;!--
google_ad_client="ca-pub-2203373582446975";
google_ad_width=468;
google_ad_height=60;
google_ad_format="468x60_as";
google_ad_type="text";
google_color_border="C0C0C0";
google_color_bg="000000";
google_color_link="CC9C00";
google_color_url="CC9C00";
google_color_text="C0C0C0";
//--&gt;&lt;/script&gt;
&lt;script type="text/javascript" src="http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js"&gt;
&lt;/script&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/29231016-1616882320533733067?l=www.dugnorth.com%2Fblog%2Findex.aspx' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/29231016/1616882320533733067/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.dugnorth.com/blog/2010/04/diy-hand-cranked-geared-string-winding.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/29231016/posts/default/1616882320533733067'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/29231016/posts/default/1616882320533733067'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://www.dugnorth.com/blog/2010/04/diy-hand-cranked-geared-string-winding.html' title='DIY hand-cranked geared string winding machine'/><author><name>Dug North</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/03342612963981710373</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:extendedProperty xmlns:gd='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005' name='OpenSocialUserId' value='04030359245854896700'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-29231016.post-7067910568369472120</id><published>2010-04-10T14:34:00.000-04:00</published><updated>2010-04-11T02:37:36.935-04:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='kinetic sculpture'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='solar'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='robotics'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Theo Jansen'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='linkages'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='animals'/><title type='text'>Solar Powered Kinetic Animal Sculptures</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="background-color: #fff;text-align:center;padding-top:5px;"&gt;&lt;object width="425" height="344"&gt;&lt;param name="movie" value="http://www.youtube.com/v/Kv7xv2iX0zQ&amp;hl=en_US&amp;fs=1&amp;"&gt;&lt;/param&gt;&lt;param name="allowFullScreen" value="true"&gt;&lt;/param&gt;&lt;param name="allowscriptaccess" value="always"&gt;&lt;/param&gt;&lt;embed src="http://www.youtube.com/v/Kv7xv2iX0zQ&amp;hl=en_US&amp;fs=1&amp;" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" allowscriptaccess="always" allowfullscreen="true" width="425" height="344"&gt;&lt;/embed&gt;&lt;/object&gt;&lt;/div&gt;Enjoy this mesmerizing mechanical sculpture inspired by the large scale works of &lt;a href="http://www.dugnorth.com/blog/labels/Theo%20Jansen.html"&gt;Theo Jansen&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;hr /&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;div class='adsense' style='padding:3px'&gt;
&lt;script type="text/javascript"&gt;&lt;!--
google_ad_client="ca-pub-2203373582446975";
google_ad_width=468;
google_ad_height=60;
google_ad_format="468x60_as";
google_ad_type="text";
google_color_border="C0C0C0";
google_color_bg="000000";
google_color_link="CC9C00";
google_color_url="CC9C00";
google_color_text="C0C0C0";
//--&gt;&lt;/script&gt;
&lt;script type="text/javascript" src="http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js"&gt;
&lt;/script&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/29231016-7067910568369472120?l=www.dugnorth.com%2Fblog%2Findex.aspx' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/29231016/7067910568369472120/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.dugnorth.com/blog/2010/04/solar-powered-kinetic-animal-sculptures.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/29231016/posts/default/7067910568369472120'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/29231016/posts/default/7067910568369472120'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://www.dugnorth.com/blog/2010/04/solar-powered-kinetic-animal-sculptures.html' title='Solar Powered Kinetic Animal Sculptures'/><author><name>Dug North</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/03342612963981710373</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:extendedProperty xmlns:gd='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005' name='OpenSocialUserId' value='04030359245854896700'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-29231016.post-2561107944182780123</id><published>2010-04-09T14:40:00.004-04:00</published><updated>2010-04-09T14:55:29.879-04:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='video'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='hand-cranked'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='birds'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='automaton'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='makers'/><title type='text'>EL CONDOR PASA - hand-cranked bird automaton</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="background-color: #fff;text-align:center;padding-top:5px;"&gt;&lt;object width="425" height="344"&gt;&lt;param name="movie" value="http://www.youtube.com/v/MIBOQ9_GtE4&amp;hl=en_US&amp;fs=1&amp;"&gt;&lt;/param&gt;&lt;param name="allowFullScreen" value="true"&gt;&lt;/param&gt;&lt;param name="allowscriptaccess" value="always"&gt;&lt;/param&gt;&lt;embed src="http://www.youtube.com/v/MIBOQ9_GtE4&amp;hl=en_US&amp;fs=1&amp;" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" allowscriptaccess="always" allowfullscreen="true" width="425" height="344"&gt;&lt;/embed&gt;&lt;/object&gt;&lt;/div&gt;Check out this charming automaton by retired civil engineer Roberto LouMa.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;See &lt;a href="http://www.youtube.com/user/rlouma#g/u"&gt;more of his work on his YouTube page&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;hr /&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;div class='adsense' style='padding:3px'&gt;
&lt;script type="text/javascript"&gt;&lt;!--
google_ad_client="ca-pub-2203373582446975";
google_ad_width=468;
google_ad_height=60;
google_ad_format="468x60_as";
google_ad_type="text";
google_color_border="C0C0C0";
google_color_bg="000000";
google_color_link="CC9C00";
google_color_url="CC9C00";
google_color_text="C0C0C0";
//--&gt;&lt;/script&gt;
&lt;script type="text/javascript" src="http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js"&gt;
&lt;/script&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/29231016-2561107944182780123?l=www.dugnorth.com%2Fblog%2Findex.aspx' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/29231016/2561107944182780123/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.dugnorth.com/blog/2010/04/el-condor-pasa-hand-cranked-bird.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/29231016/posts/default/2561107944182780123'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/29231016/posts/default/2561107944182780123'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://www.dugnorth.com/blog/2010/04/el-condor-pasa-hand-cranked-bird.html' title='EL CONDOR PASA - hand-cranked bird automaton'/><author><name>Dug North</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/03342612963981710373</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:extendedProperty xmlns:gd='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005' name='OpenSocialUserId' value='04030359245854896700'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-29231016.post-2847528259057231809</id><published>2010-04-08T07:58:00.004-04:00</published><updated>2010-04-08T08:06:03.630-04:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='video'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='wind up'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='mechancial toys'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='kinetic sculpture'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Aaron Ristau'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='animals'/><title type='text'>Wind-up Meccano bird sculpture by Aaron Ristau</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="background-color: #fff;text-align:center;padding-top:5px;"&gt;&lt;object width="425" height="344"&gt;&lt;param name="movie" value="http://www.youtube.com/v/Wcbysc8lGAk&amp;hl=en_US&amp;fs=1&amp;"&gt;&lt;/param&gt;&lt;param name="allowFullScreen" value="true"&gt;&lt;/param&gt;&lt;param name="allowscriptaccess" value="always"&gt;&lt;/param&gt;&lt;embed src="http://www.youtube.com/v/Wcbysc8lGAk&amp;hl=en_US&amp;fs=1&amp;" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" allowscriptaccess="always" allowfullscreen="true" width="425" height="344"&gt;&lt;/embed&gt;&lt;/object&gt;&lt;/div&gt;Check out this automata sculpture by Aaron Ristau made from Meccano toy parts! The bird bodies are parts from antique hair curlers and the wings made of Mylar. A crank allows you to wind-up the device which will run for about a minute.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;See more great sculptures by Aaron Ristau at &lt;a href="http://aaronristau.com/"&gt;aaronristau.com&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;hr /&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;div class='adsense' style='padding:3px'&gt;
&lt;script type="text/javascript"&gt;&lt;!--
google_ad_client="ca-pub-2203373582446975";
google_ad_width=468;
google_ad_height=60;
google_ad_format="468x60_as";
google_ad_type="text";
google_color_border="C0C0C0";
google_color_bg="000000";
google_color_link="CC9C00";
google_color_url="CC9C00";
google_color_text="C0C0C0";
//--&gt;&lt;/script&gt;
&lt;script type="text/javascript" src="http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js"&gt;
&lt;/script&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/29231016-2847528259057231809?l=www.dugnorth.com%2Fblog%2Findex.aspx' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/29231016/2847528259057231809/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.dugnorth.com/blog/2010/04/wind-up-meccano-bird-sculpture-by-aaron.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/29231016/posts/default/2847528259057231809'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/29231016/posts/default/2847528259057231809'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://www.dugnorth.com/blog/2010/04/wind-up-meccano-bird-sculpture-by-aaron.html' title='Wind-up Meccano bird sculpture by Aaron Ristau'/><author><name>Dug North</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/03342612963981710373</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:extendedProperty xmlns:gd='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005' name='OpenSocialUserId' value='04030359245854896700'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-29231016.post-2595248674251697917</id><published>2010-04-07T07:51:00.004-04:00</published><updated>2010-04-07T08:21:10.899-04:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='clocks'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='automata'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Hero'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='invention'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='history'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Al-Jazari'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='animals'/><title type='text'>An ancient mechanical genius you may NOT know</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="background-color: #fff;text-align:center;padding-top:5px;"&gt;&lt;object width="425" height="344"&gt;&lt;param name="movie" value="http://www.youtube.com/v/PwGfw1YW9Js&amp;hl=en_US&amp;fs=1&amp;"&gt;&lt;/param&gt;&lt;param name="allowFullScreen" value="true"&gt;&lt;/param&gt;&lt;param name="allowscriptaccess" value="always"&gt;&lt;/param&gt;&lt;embed src="http://www.youtube.com/v/PwGfw1YW9Js&amp;hl=en_US&amp;fs=1&amp;" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" allowscriptaccess="always" allowfullscreen="true" width="425" height="344"&gt;&lt;/embed&gt;&lt;/object&gt;&lt;/div&gt;We have all heard the great inventors of antiquity such as Archimedes and &lt;a href="http://dugnorth.com/blog/labels/Hero.html"&gt;Hero&lt;/a&gt;. Here is another name worth knowing: Al-Jazari. Al-Jazari was an scholar, inventor, engineer, craftsman, artist, mathematician and astronomer from Mesopotamia, who lived from about 1136 to 1206. He wrote &lt;a href="http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/9027703299?ie=UTF8&amp;tag=dugnorth-20&amp;linkCode=as2&amp;camp=1789&amp;creative=390957&amp;creativeASIN=9027703299"&gt;&lt;span style="font-style:italic;"&gt;The Book of Knowledge of Ingenious Mechanical Devices&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, which describes some fifty sophisticated machines.&lt;img src="http://www.assoc-amazon.com/e/ir?t=dugnorth-20&amp;l=as2&amp;o=1&amp;a=9027703299" width="1" height="1" border="0" alt="" style="border:none !important; margin:0px !important;" /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The video clip shown here from &lt;span style="font-style:italic;"&gt;Ancient Discoveries&lt;/span&gt; covers Al-Jazari's elephant clock -- a fantastically elaborate device which employed automata. There are a working reproductions of the elephant clock in Dubai and Switzerland.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Here is the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Jazari"&gt;Wikipedia article for Al Jazari&lt;/a&gt;. Here is the &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elephant_clock"&gt;article on the elephant clock&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;hr /&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;div class='adsense' style='padding:3px'&gt;
&lt;script type="text/javascript"&gt;&lt;!--
google_ad_client="ca-pub-2203373582446975";
google_ad_width=468;
google_ad_height=60;
google_ad_format="468x60_as";
google_ad_type="text";
google_color_border="C0C0C0";
google_color_bg="000000";
google_color_link="CC9C00";
google_color_url="CC9C00";
google_color_text="C0C0C0";
//--&gt;&lt;/script&gt;
&lt;script type="text/javascript" src="http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js"&gt;
&lt;/script&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/29231016-2595248674251697917?l=www.dugnorth.com%2Fblog%2Findex.aspx' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/29231016/2595248674251697917/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.dugnorth.com/blog/2010/04/ancient-mechanical-genius-you-may-not.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/29231016/posts/default/2595248674251697917'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/29231016/posts/default/2595248674251697917'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://www.dugnorth.com/blog/2010/04/ancient-mechanical-genius-you-may-not.html' title='An ancient mechanical genius you may NOT know'/><author><name>Dug North</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/03342612963981710373</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:extendedProperty xmlns:gd='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005' name='OpenSocialUserId' value='04030359245854896700'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-29231016.post-7435915876204053572</id><published>2010-04-06T07:56:00.007-04:00</published><updated>2010-04-06T08:13:58.174-04:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='UK'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='clocks'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='solar'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='clockworks'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='history'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='astronomy'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='science'/><title type='text'>Wallingford clock at  St Albans Cathedral (England)</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align:center"&gt;&lt;img src="http://www.dugnorth.com/blog/uploaded_images/St-Albans-clock.jpg" border="0" alt="Wallingford clock at St Albans Cathedral in England" title="Wallingford clock at St Albans Cathedral in England" /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;At St. Albans Cathedral they have made a replica of the 14th Century clock and astronomical indicator designed and built by Richard of Wallingford. It takes 18 years to complete full cycle! When it was created, Richard's clock was probably the most complex clock in the British isles -- and among the most sophisticated anywhere.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Here is a &lt;a href="http://www.wallingfordclock.talktalk.net/"&gt;web site dedicated to the Wallingford clock at St. Albans Cathedral&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;hr /&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;div class='adsense' style='padding:3px'&gt;
&lt;script type="text/javascript"&gt;&lt;!--
google_ad_client="ca-pub-2203373582446975";
google_ad_width=468;
google_ad_height=60;
google_ad_format="468x60_as";
google_ad_type="text";
google_color_border="C0C0C0";
google_color_bg="000000";
google_color_link="CC9C00";
google_color_url="CC9C00";
google_color_text="C0C0C0";
//--&gt;&lt;/script&gt;
&lt;script type="text/javascript" src="http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js"&gt;
&lt;/script&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/29231016-7435915876204053572?l=www.dugnorth.com%2Fblog%2Findex.aspx' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/29231016/7435915876204053572/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.dugnorth.com/blog/2010/04/wallingford-clock-at-st-albans.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/29231016/posts/default/7435915876204053572'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/29231016/posts/default/7435915876204053572'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://www.dugnorth.com/blog/2010/04/wallingford-clock-at-st-albans.html' title='Wallingford clock at  St Albans Cathedral (England)'/><author><name>Dug North</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/03342612963981710373</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:extendedProperty xmlns:gd='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005' name='OpenSocialUserId' value='04030359245854896700'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-29231016.post-9068203035606458022</id><published>2010-04-05T08:01:00.003-04:00</published><updated>2010-04-05T08:07:01.170-04:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Osamu Kanda'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='karakuri'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='gravity'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='acrobat'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Japan'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='human'/><title type='text'>Wood and ball bearing version of classic karakuri</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="background-color: #fff;text-align:center;padding-top:5px;"&gt;&lt;object width="425" height="344"&gt;&lt;param name="movie" value="http://www.youtube.com/v/wet_JQVFMbI&amp;hl=en_US&amp;fs=1&amp;"&gt;&lt;/param&gt;&lt;param name="allowFullScreen" value="true"&gt;&lt;/param&gt;&lt;param name="allowscriptaccess" value="always"&gt;&lt;/param&gt;&lt;embed src="http://www.youtube.com/v/wet_JQVFMbI&amp;hl=en_US&amp;fs=1&amp;" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" allowscriptaccess="always" allowfullscreen="true" width="425" height="344"&gt;&lt;/embed&gt;&lt;/object&gt;&lt;/div&gt;Check out Osamu Kanda's modern update to the &lt;a href="http://dugnorth.com/blog/2008/05/karakuri-acrobat-automaton-flipping.html"&gt;classic tumbling karakuri figure&lt;/a&gt;. He has made the figure out of wood and loaded it with ball bearings to serve as the shifting internal weight.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;hr /&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;div class='adsense' style='padding:3px'&gt;
&lt;script type="text/javascript"&gt;&lt;!--
google_ad_client="ca-pub-2203373582446975";
google_ad_width=468;
google_ad_height=60;
google_ad_format="468x60_as";
google_ad_type="text";
google_color_border="C0C0C0";
google_color_bg="000000";
google_color_link="CC9C00";
google_color_url="CC9C00";
google_color_text="C0C0C0";
//--&gt;&lt;/script&gt;
&lt;script type="text/javascript" src="http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js"&gt;
&lt;/script&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/29231016-9068203035606458022?l=www.dugnorth.com%2Fblog%2Findex.aspx' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/29231016/9068203035606458022/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.dugnorth.com/blog/2010/04/wood-and-ball-bearing-version-of.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/29231016/posts/default/9068203035606458022'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/29231016/posts/default/9068203035606458022'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://www.dugnorth.com/blog/2010/04/wood-and-ball-bearing-version-of.html' title='Wood and ball bearing version of classic karakuri'/><author><name>Dug North</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/03342612963981710373</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:extendedProperty xmlns:gd='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005' name='OpenSocialUserId' value='04030359245854896700'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-29231016.post-8938801658827190385</id><published>2010-04-04T09:04:00.004-04:00</published><updated>2010-04-04T09:22:33.125-04:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Brad Litwin'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='art'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='kinetic sculpture'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='lectures'/><title type='text'>Kinetic sculpture talk &amp; exhibit by Brad Litwin</title><content type='html'>&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://www.dugnorth.com/blog/uploaded_images/Sway-765109.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="float:left; margin:0 10px 0px 0;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 320px; height: 242px;" src="http://www.dugnorth.com/blog/uploaded_images/Sway-765106.jpg" border="0" alt="" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;Philadelphia based, kinetic sculptor, &lt;a href="http://www.dugnorth.com/blog/labels/Brad%20Litwin.html"&gt;Bradley N. Litwin&lt;/a&gt;, will give a multimedia presentation about the evolution of his sculptural work. He will also be displaying of several pieces -- some not yet seen in public. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The event takes place at the &lt;a href="http://www.cheltenhamarts.org/node/579"&gt;Cheltenham Center for the Arts&lt;/a&gt;, held and sponsored by the Artists’ Cultural Exchange (ACX). Admission is free.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight:bold;"&gt;Date: &lt;/span&gt;04/06/2010&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight:bold;"&gt;Time:&lt;/span&gt; 7:00 PM&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight:bold;"&gt;Location:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Cheltenham Center for the Arts&lt;br /&gt;439 Ashbourne Road&lt;br /&gt;Cheltenham, Pennsylvania 19012&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;For more info: &lt;a href="http://www.cheltenhamarts.org/node/579"&gt;www.cheltenhamarts.org&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;hr /&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;div class='adsense' style='padding:3px'&gt;
&lt;script type="text/javascript"&gt;&lt;!--
google_ad_client="ca-pub-2203373582446975";
google_ad_width=468;
google_ad_height=60;
google_ad_format="468x60_as";
google_ad_type="text";
google_color_border="C0C0C0";
google_color_bg="000000";
google_color_link="CC9C00";
google_color_url="CC9C00";
google_color_text="C0C0C0";
//--&gt;&lt;/script&gt;
&lt;script type="text/javascript" src="http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js"&gt;
&lt;/script&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/29231016-8938801658827190385?l=www.dugnorth.com%2Fblog%2Findex.aspx' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/29231016/8938801658827190385/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.dugnorth.com/blog/2010/04/kinetic-sculpture-talk-exhibit-by-brad.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/29231016/posts/default/8938801658827190385'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/29231016/posts/default/8938801658827190385'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://www.dugnorth.com/blog/2010/04/kinetic-sculpture-talk-exhibit-by-brad.html' title='Kinetic sculpture talk &amp; exhibit by Brad Litwin'/><author><name>Dug North</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/03342612963981710373</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:extendedProperty xmlns:gd='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005' name='OpenSocialUserId' value='04030359245854896700'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-29231016.post-68387384531181276</id><published>2010-04-03T10:48:00.003-04:00</published><updated>2010-04-03T11:09:19.803-04:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='video'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='makers'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Charles Mak'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Ernie Fosselius'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='TV'/><title type='text'>DVD with episode featuring maker Ernie Fosselius</title><content type='html'>&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://www.dugnorth.com/blog/uploaded_images/norestfront_large-730626.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="float:left; margin:0 10px 0px 0;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 221px; height: 320px;" src="http://www.dugnorth.com/blog/uploaded_images/norestfront_large-730609.jpg" border="0" alt="" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;Some time ago, I did a post about automata-maker Ernie Fosselius. The ever-resourceful &lt;a href="http://www.woodcentral.com/shots/shot869.shtml"&gt;Charles Mak&lt;/a&gt; found a DVD which features Ernie Fosselius in one of its half hour episode. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight:bold;"&gt;About the DVD:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-style:italic;"&gt;No Rest in the Northwest (Season 11- 2006)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;"In theses six half-hour shows produced for Kansas City Public Television, you’ll roll over the Rockies and to the woods.  See the Gilgal Sculpture Garden in Utah, Cleo’s Ferry Museum in Idaho, Portland Oregon’s Velveteria and the Walker Rock Gardens in Seattle. Meet self-taught California artists like Ernie Fosselius, Dr. Ken Fox and Patrick Amiot, plus much, much more. Contains 6 complete episodes, outtakes, special bonus material, and a snappy music video! Price: $19.95"&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Here's a link where you can buy the &lt;a href="http://kcpt.myshopify.com/products/no-rest-in-the-northwest-dvd"&gt;DVD featuring Ernie Fosselius&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[ &lt;span style="font-style:italic;"&gt;Thanks Charles&lt;/span&gt;! ]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;hr /&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;div class='adsense' style='padding:3px'&gt;
&lt;script type="text/javascript"&gt;&lt;!--
google_ad_client="ca-pub-2203373582446975";
google_ad_width=468;
google_ad_height=60;
google_ad_format="468x60_as";
google_ad_type="text";
google_color_border="C0C0C0";
google_color_bg="000000";
google_color_link="CC9C00";
google_color_url="CC9C00";
google_color_text="C0C0C0";
//--&gt;&lt;/script&gt;
&lt;script type="text/javascript" src="http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js"&gt;
&lt;/script&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/29231016-68387384531181276?l=www.dugnorth.com%2Fblog%2Findex.aspx' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/29231016/68387384531181276/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.dugnorth.com/blog/2010/04/dvd-with-episode-featuring-maker-ernie.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/29231016/posts/default/68387384531181276'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/29231016/posts/default/68387384531181276'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://www.dugnorth.com/blog/2010/04/dvd-with-episode-featuring-maker-ernie.html' title='DVD with episode featuring maker Ernie Fosselius'/><author><name>Dug North</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/03342612963981710373</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:extendedProperty xmlns:gd='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005' name='OpenSocialUserId' value='04030359245854896700'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-29231016.post-6326842218462256459</id><published>2010-04-02T16:59:00.004-04:00</published><updated>2010-04-02T17:06:07.703-04:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='USA'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='automata'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='makers'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='lectures'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='exhibits'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='history'/><title type='text'>Lecture: A Brief History of Automata</title><content type='html'>&lt;img style="float:left; margin:0 10px 10px 0;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 300px; height: 288px;" src="http://www.dugnorth.com/blog/uploaded_images/Vaucanson-duck-725831.jpg" border="0" alt="Lecture: A Brief History of Automata" /&gt;If you will be in the NYC area on April 14th, this looks like a fascinating lecture and demonstration...&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight:bold;"&gt;About this lecture:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;"In this illustrated lecture, "Obscura Antique and Oddities", Mike Zohn will demonstrate his 19th Century taxidermy automata, as featured in last year’s Carnivorous Nights Taxidermy Contest. He will explain its curious mechanisms, and, in an illustrated lecture, will introduce us to the history of these fascinating uncanny machines, tracing their trajectory from tools of religious coercion to prince’s plaything to Disney’s imagineering experiments."&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight:bold;"&gt;Lecture: A Brief History of Automata&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight:bold;"&gt;Lecturer:&lt;/span&gt; Mike Zohn, &lt;a href="http://www.obscuraantiques.com/"&gt;Obscura Antiques and Oddities&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight:bold;"&gt;Date:&lt;/span&gt; Wednesday, April 14th&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight:bold;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight:bold;"&gt;Time:&lt;/span&gt; 7:00 PM&lt;br /&gt;Admission: &lt;/span&gt;$5&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight:bold;"&gt;Location:&lt;/span&gt; Coney Island Museum, 1208 Surf Ave. Brooklyn&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Here is a link to more information from the &lt;a href="http://observatoryroom.org/2010/03/29/automata/"&gt;lecture announcement&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[ &lt;span style="font-style:italic;"&gt;Thanks Caleb&lt;/span&gt;! ]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;hr /&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;div class='adsense' style='padding:3px'&gt;
&lt;script type="text/javascript"&gt;&lt;!--
google_ad_client="ca-pub-2203373582446975";
google_ad_width=468;
google_ad_height=60;
google_ad_format="468x60_as";
google_ad_type="text";
google_color_border="C0C0C0";
google_color_bg="000000";
google_color_link="CC9C00";
google_color_url="CC9C00";
google_color_text="C0C0C0";
//--&gt;&lt;/script&gt;
&lt;script type="text/javascript" src="http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js"&gt;
&lt;/script&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/29231016-6326842218462256459?l=www.dugnorth.com%2Fblog%2Findex.aspx' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/29231016/6326842218462256459/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.dugnorth.com/blog/2010/04/lecture-brief-history-of-automata.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/29231016/posts/default/6326842218462256459'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/29231016/posts/default/6326842218462256459'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://www.dugnorth.com/blog/2010/04/lecture-brief-history-of-automata.html' title='Lecture: A Brief History of Automata'/><author><name>Dug North</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/03342612963981710373</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:extendedProperty xmlns:gd='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005' name='OpenSocialUserId' value='04030359245854896700'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-29231016.post-7683144128758520442</id><published>2010-04-01T07:25:00.000-04:00</published><updated>2010-04-01T07:25:00.268-04:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Leonardo'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='contraptions'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Italy'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='invention'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='books'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='history'/><title type='text'>Leonardo's Machines: Da Vinci's Inventions Revealed</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align:center"&gt;&lt;img src="http://www.dugnorth.com/blog/uploaded_images/Leonardos-Machines.jpg" border="0" alt="Leonardo's Machines: Da Vinci's Inventions Revealed" title="Leonardo's Machines: Da Vinci's Inventions Revealed" /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;Here is a highly-rated book that explores Leonardo's inventions from flying, hydraulic, war, and theatrical machines to musical instruments. This uses Leonardo's orginal artwork and annotated computer diagrams to show how each of his inventions might would have worked.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;It seems to be out-of-print, but can be found used at Amazon. Here's a link to &lt;a href="http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0715324446?ie=UTF8&amp;tag=dugnorth-20&amp;linkCode=as2&amp;camp=1789&amp;creative=390957&amp;creativeASIN=0715324446"&gt;Leonardo's Machines: Da Vinci's Inventions Revealed&lt;/a&gt;&lt;img src="http://www.assoc-amazon.com/e/ir?t=dugnorth-20&amp;l=as2&amp;o=1&amp;a=0715324446" width="1" height="1" border="0" alt="" style="border:none !important; margin:0px !important;" /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;hr /&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;div class='adsense' style='padding:3px'&gt;
&lt;script type="text/javascript"&gt;&lt;!--
google_ad_client="ca-pub-2203373582446975";
google_ad_width=468;
google_ad_height=60;
google_ad_format="468x60_as";
google_ad_type="text";
google_color_border="C0C0C0";
google_color_bg="000000";
google_color_link="CC9C00";
google_color_url="CC9C00";
google_color_text="C0C0C0";
//--&gt;&lt;/script&gt;
&lt;script type="text/javascript" src="http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js"&gt;
&lt;/script&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/29231016-7683144128758520442?l=www.dugnorth.com%2Fblog%2Findex.aspx' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/29231016/7683144128758520442/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.dugnorth.com/blog/2010/04/leonardos-machines-da-vincis-inventions.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/29231016/posts/default/7683144128758520442'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/29231016/posts/default/7683144128758520442'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://www.dugnorth.com/blog/2010/04/leonardos-machines-da-vincis-inventions.html' title='Leonardo&apos;s Machines: Da Vinci&apos;s Inventions Revealed'/><author><name>Dug North</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/03342612963981710373</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:extendedProperty xmlns:gd='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005' name='OpenSocialUserId' value='04030359245854896700'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry></feed>                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
